Uncaptured exosomes and the contents of the sample are removed by washing, and immobilized exosomes can be detected using another antibody containing an absorbent label. Exosomes are nanometer-sized biovesicles that are released into surrounding body fluids after the fusion of the multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane. They have been shown to contain specific amounts of proteins, lipids and genetic material for each cell, and can be selectively absorbed by neighboring or distant cells far from release, reprogramming the recipient cells based on their bioactive compounds. Therefore, the regulated formation of exosomes, the specific composition of their cargo and the specificity to target cells are of immense biological interest, considering the very high potential of exosomes as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers, as well as as therapeutic nanocarriers. In the present review, we describe and discuss recent advances in elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of exosome biogenesis, the molecular composition of exosomes, and technologies used in exosome research.
In addition, we focus on the potential use of exosomes as valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers due to their specific content by cell lineage and state, and on their possibilities as therapeutic vehicles for drug and gene delivery. Exosome research is taking its first steps. A thorough understanding of the subcellular components and mechanisms involved in the formation of exosomes and in the selection of specific cells will shed light on their physiological activities. Ovalbumin pulsed dendritic cell (OVA) exosomes were more effective in causing the activation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells (OVA) than microvesicles (6), which favors a possible molecular intersection between exosome biogenesis (which is different from microvesicle biogenesis, as mentioned above) and antigen presentation. Exosomes by themselves or as vehicles for the delivery of drug payloads are being actively explored as therapeutic agents (fig.
Possible inconsistencies in identifying regulatory elements associated with exosome biogenesis could also be due to different methods for the production, enrichment and concentration of exosomes (1). Density gradient ultracentrifugation is very effective in separating electric vehicles, including exosomes, from protein aggregates and non-membranous particles and is particularly useful for separating exosomes and other electric vehicles from body fluids). The use of global proteomics in the field of electric vehicles, and specifically exosomes, has helped and continues to help the development of biomarkers for different diseases and types of cancer. In mice, tumor eradication and growth retardation were observed with a single intradermal injection of APC-derived exosomes with MHC-II loaded with the peptide tumoral (60).
It is to be hoped that future studies will further clarify the opposing roles of exosomes in HIV-1 infection in vivo. Genetically modified exosomes, called “dexosomes”, were obtained from mature dendritic cells with IFN-gamma and loaded with the MART-1 antigen (melanoma antigen) recognized by T cell peptides. In recent years, an exponential increase in studies has focused on the biological characteristics of exosomes. A commercially available isolation kit, the ExoMir kit (Bioo Scientific; Austin, TX, USA), has been developed.
UU.) for isolate exosomes based on size. Exosomes are electric vehicles with a size range of ~ 40 to 160 nm (average ~ 100 nm) in diameter with an endosomal origin. The field urgently needs animal models with which to study the biogenesis, traffic and cellular entry of exosomes. The ability of exosomes to cross biological barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier, makes them attractive for treating neurological diseases such as glioblastoma and Alzheimer's disease.
Exosomes from pancreatic cancer cells and plasma from patients with pancreatic cancer were shown to limit complement-mediated lysis by acting as decoys, reducing cytotoxicity against cancer cells (90). Although almost all cell types can release exosomes, the quantities of exosomes are relatively low and the purification procedure is difficult.
